Vol. 15 No. 3 (2021): May
About the cover:
Alterations in the Immune System of Maintained Hemodialysis Patients.Uremic toxins and complement activation are two main causes of the sustained inflammation in hemodialysis patients. Uremic toxins increase the expression and activity of TLR2 and TLR4 in neutrophils and epithelial cells that lead to an increase the in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. On the other hand, complement-derived anaphylatoxins trigger the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cause the activation of endothelium. Sustained inflammation seems to decrease the potential of the adaptive immune system in establishing strong immune responses (Abbreviations: PMNs, polymorphonuclears; AGE, advanced glycation end products).
Published:
2021-05-16
