Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
type: channel
description: The Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases (IJKD), a peer-reviewed journal in English, is the official publication of the Iranian Society of Nephrology. The aim of the IJKD is the worldwide reflection of the knowledge produced by the scientists and clinicians in nephrology. It has been published quarterly since 2007 and every 2 months since January 2011. The IJKD provides a new platform for the advancement of the field. The journal’s objective is to serve as a focal point for debates and exchange of knowledge and experience among researchers in a global context. Original papers, case reports, and invited reviews on all aspects of kidney diseases, hypertension, dialysis, and transplantation will be covered by the IJKD. Research on the basic science, clinical practice, and socio-economics of renal health are all welcomed by the journal editors. Indexing/Abstracting. SCI Expanded, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Cinahl, CAB International, Index Copernicus, Index Medicus for the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (IMEMR), Scientific Information Database (SID), and Google Scholar
publisher: Iranian Society of Nephrology
language: en
publication name: Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
issn: 1735-8582
items: Efficacy and Safety of Oral Antidiabetic Drugs in People with Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review
items: Non-Diabetic Kidney Disease Confirmed by Biopsy in Patients with Diabetes: A Single-Center Registry Report
items: Inflammatory Mediators in Kidney Disease: A Focus on IL-6in SLE-Associated CKD
items: The Sensitivity of Bioimpedance to Assess Leg Fluid Volume Changes in Children on Hemodialysis: Experimental and Model-Based Investigation
items: Genetically Confirmed Hyperoxaluria in Iranian Children- A Multicenter Survey
items: Predictors of Survival and Clinical Outcomes in Hemodialysis Patients: A 9-Year Multicenter Cohort Study
items: Post-Transplantation Hairy Cell Leukemia with Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in an Adult Kidney Transplant Recipient: A Case of Rare Occurrence
items: A Rare Cause of Retroperitoneal Fibrosis in Adults: H Syndrome Presenting After 35 Years- A Case Report
items: Optimizing Pediatric Blood Pressure Readings: The Role of Timing and Medical Personnel Presence: A cross-sectional study
items: Examining the Association between Oxidative Stress Markers and the Severity of Symptoms in Individuals with COVID-19 and Healthy Individuals
items: Calf Bioimpedance Analysis: A Novel Approach for Evaluating Hydration Status in Pediatric Dialysis Patients Under High Dialysate Sodium
items: Incidence of Hospital-Acquired Hyponatremia and its Risk Factors in Hospitalized Children: A Longitudinal Study
items: Efficacy of Sacubitril/Valsartan in Treating Hemodialysis Patients with Reduced Ejection Fraction Heart Failure: A Retrospective Study
items: Erratum:The Effect of 10 Weeks of Aerobic-resistance Exercise Training on Liver Enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP) and Kidney Function (Creatinine, Urea, and GFR) of Kidney Transplant Patients
items: The Scent of the Muliyan River (Booye Jooye Muliyan): Report of an Educational Trip
items: The Effect of Tribulus Terrestris on Acute Kidney Injury: A Case Study
items: Increased Proportion of Circulating T Follicular Helper Cells and Serum Levels of IL-21 in Antibody-Mediated Rejection of Renal Allograft
items: Erratum:Trends in Research on Acute Kidney Injury: A Bibliometric Analysis of Academic Journals Published Between the Years 2000 and 2022
items: Scientia et Cura: Illuminating the Dark Side of CRRT for Optimal Patient Benefits
items: Clinical Efficacy of High-flux Hemodialysis for Treating Uremia and its Effect on Microinflammation and Nutritional Status
items: A Prediction Model of Early Diabetic Nephropathy Based on Conventional Ultrasound Parameters and Hematological Indices and Its Application
items: A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Hemodialysis Incidence Rate and Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the End-Stage Kidney Disease Trend
items: Effects of Nafamostat Mesilate and Systemic Unfractionated Heparin Anticoagulation on Coagulation, Renal Function, and 28-day Survival Status in Critically Ill AKI CRRT Patients
items: Association of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene Deletion/Deletion Genotype with Risk of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Single-center Study from Iranian Azeri Turkish Population
items: Mind the Gap in Kidney Care: Translating What We Know Into What We Do
items: 19th International Congress of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation-Abstract Book
items: Erratum
items: Subgroup Analyses in the Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy: A Meta-Analysis
items: A Report on Nephropathic Cystinosis in Iran- A Scoping Review
items: The Diagnosis of Lupus Nephritis in A Patient with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Rare Case Report

Efficacy and Safety of Oral Antidiabetic Drugs in People with Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review
type: item
description: This study is a systematic review assessing the efficacy and safety of oral antidiabetic drugs in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD), focusing on their dosing and effects on renal function and glycemic control. A systematic search of online databases was conducted for published from January 2023 to September 2024. Studies that focused on oral antidiabetic drugs for individuals with diabetes and CKD, and reported outcomes such as glycemic control, renal function, and adverse events were included. A risk-of-bias assessment was performed to evaluate study quality. A total of 21 studies that met the criteria were included. The evidences indicate that SGLT2 (Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2) inhibitors and GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonists provide renal protective benefits. SGLT2 inhibitors are more effective especially in early-stages of CKD. DPP-4 (Dipeptidyl peptidase 4) inhibitors are safe across various CKD stages and require minimal dose adjustments. Metformin remains a popular drug for glycemic control but should be monitored and even discontinued in advanced stages of CKD because of the risk of lactic acidosis. Sulfonylureas were related to hypoglycemia risk. Oral antidiabetic drugs, especially SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists, are suggested in managing blood glucose in CKD patients owing to their renal and cardiovascular benefits. Individualized therapy is an important factor as drug safety and efficacy are influenced by CKD stage, comorbid conditions, and hypoglycemia risk. Individualized therapy helps maximize renal and cardiovascular protection while minimizing adverse outcomes. Regular monitoring of HbA1c (hemoglobin A1c), GFR (glomerular filtration rate), and albuminuria is recommended.
subject: REVIEW | Kidney Diseases
  topic: section
subject: Chronic kidney disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetes mellitus
  topic: keywords
subject: Hypoglycemic agent
  topic: keywords
subject: Oral drug administrations
  topic: keywords
subject: SGLT-2 Inhibitors
  topic: keywords
creator: Hoda Borooghani
creator: Mohsen Arabi
creator: Mitra Kazemi Jahromi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-11-15
publication date: 2025-11-15
starting page: 249
ending page: 259
doi: 10.61882/zwq4sh57

Non-Diabetic Kidney Disease Confirmed by Biopsy in Patients with Diabetes: A Single-Center Registry Report
type: item
description: Introduction. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), often leading to kidney failure. This study was designed to assess the prevalence and clinicopathological correlations of biopsy-confirmed non-diabetic kidney disease (NDKD) in patients with diabetes. Method. A retrospective analysis was conducted by including 547 diabetic patients who underwent kidney biopsies. Data on demographics, laboratory results (including serum creatinine and urine protein levels), clinical symptoms, medical history, and histopathological diagnoses were collected. Result. Among the patients, 261 (47.7%) were diagnosed with DKD, while 286 (52.3%) had NDKD. The most prevalent histopathologicalfinding in NDKD was membranous glomerulonephritis (13.9%), followed by focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (9.7%) and IgA nephropathy (5.7%). Key predictors for DKD included longer duration of diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR]: 1.12), elevated HbA1c levels (OR: 1.26), and the presence of retinopathy at the time of biopsy (OR: 7.97), all with P < .05. No significant differences were observed in the frequency of hematuria between the DKD and NDKD groups. Conclusion. Membranous glomerulonephritis was the most common diagnosis among NDKD patients. The findings suggest a strong correlation between the duration of diabetes mellitus, the presence of retinopathy, and HbA1c levels with DKD development, indicating a need for revised criteria for kidney biopsy decisions in diabetic individuals to enhance diagnostic accuracy and treatment strategies.
subject: ORIGINAL | Kidney Diseases
  topic: section
subject: Diabetes mellitus
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetic kidney disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Kidney biopsies
  topic: keywords
subject: Histopathology
  topic: keywords
creator: Neda Najafi
creator: Hounaz Akbari
creator: Mitra Mehrazma
creator: Mahsa Kohansal Vagargah
creator: Mohsen Vahedi
creator: Shahrzad Ossareh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-11-15
publication date: 2025-11-15
starting page: 279
ending page: 286
doi: 10.61186/

Inflammatory Mediators in Kidney Disease: A Focus on IL-6in SLE-Associated CKD
type: item
description: Introduction. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune condition that can lead to severe renal impairment, including chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). This study aimed to evaluate the serum levels of key pro-inflammatory cytokines which are well-known to mediate tissue injury and fibrosis in the context of kidney diseases—interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and IL-12—in CKD and ESKD patients with and without SLE, as well as in healthy controls, to explore their role in disease progression. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted over a 15-month period in three governmental medical centers of Golestan Province, Iran (Sayyad Shirazi Hospital, 5th Azar hospital, and Al-Jalil hospital). A total of 118 individuals (age 18-65 years) were enrolled and divided into three groups:38 CKD or ESKD patients with SLE, 40 CKD or ESKD patients without SLE, and 40 healthy controls. For subgroup analyses, CKD (stages3-4) and ESKD (stage 5) patients were considered separately. Those patients meeting the American College of Rheumatology criteria for SLE, while excluding those with infections, malignancies, or other autoimmune disorders were selected. Blood samples were collected, and serum cytokine levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests, with P ≤ .05 considered significant. Results. CKD patients with SLE showed significantly higher serum levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-12 compared to CKD patients without SLE and healthy controls (P < .05). IL-6 levels were notably higher in CKD patients compared to ESKD patients, irrespective of SLE status (P < .05). ESKD patients exhibited increased IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-12 levels, while IL-6 levels were lower than those in CKD patients. Conclusion. IL-6 appears to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of kidney disease, particularly in patients with SL…
subject: ORIGINAL | Kidney Diseases
  topic: section
subject: Chronic kidney disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Lupus erythematosus
  topic: keywords
subject: Systemic
  topic: keywords
subject: Lupus nephritis
  topic: keywords
subject: Interleukin-6
  topic: keywords
subject: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
  topic: keywords
subject: chronic kidney disease
  topic: subjects
subject: systemic lupus erythematosus
  topic: subjects
subject: Interleukin
  topic: subjects
subject: Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
  topic: subjects
subject: IL-6
  topic: subjects
subject: Immunology
  topic: disciplines
subject: Laboratory Sciences
  topic: disciplines
subject: Chronic kidney disease
  topic: disciplines
creator: Shaymaa Abduljabbar Raoof
creator: Paria Bayati
creator: Mohammad Esmail Nasrabadi
creator: Yaghoub Yazdani
creator: Somayeh Ghorbani
creator: Akram Gholamzadeh
creator: Javad Enayat
creator: Somayeh Sadani
creator: Yasser Bagheri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 187
ending page: 199
doi: 10.61882/ijkd.19.04.8861

The Sensitivity of Bioimpedance to Assess Leg Fluid Volume Changes in Children on Hemodialysis: Experimental and Model-Based Investigation
type: item
description: Introduction. Fluid management plays an essential role in pediatric hemodialysis; however, traditional assessment techniques often lack the precision required for this patient population. Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) offers a non-invasive alternative, but electrode placement significantly impacts measurement sensitivity. This study compared the efficacy of two calf-based electrode configurations — dorsal (ankle) versus plantar (sole) — in detecting fluid volume changes via bioimpedance in pediatric patients, particularly in terms of their sensitivity. Additionally, we evaluated a novel ring electrode arrangement for optimizing sensitivity distribution in lower limb tissues. Methods. This controlled before-and-after study was conducted at the dialysis unit of Ali Asghar Children’s hospital in Tehran, Iran. It evaluated thirteen children (aged 3-15 years) undergoing hemodialysis using bioimpedance analysis. The primary outcome measure was the change in impedance values before and after a single dialysis session. Measurements were performed with electrodes placed in two configurations: between the plantar surface of the foot to below the knee (down), and between the ankle dorsal surface to below the knee (up). Current distribution patterns were modeled using COMSOL simulations. Results. Mean ultrafiltration volume was 1123 ± 384 mL per session. Impedance changes were observed in both dorsal and plantar electrode configurations, with no significant differences or superiority in measuring these changes. Sensitivity analysis revealed variations of 35% with dorsal placement, 24% with plantar placement, and 20% with ring electrode configuration, demonstrating superior uniformity of the ring design across tissue regions. Conclusion. Optimal electrode placement varies among patients with no universal advantage for either position. Bioimpedance sensitivity depends on location of fluid accumulation, and enhanced sensitivity is required for monitoring changes below two liters. Th…
subject: ORIGINAL | Dialysis
  topic: section
subject: Bioimpedance
  topic: keywords
subject: Hemodialysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Pediatric
  topic: keywords
subject: Electrode Placement
  topic: keywords
subject: Fluid Assessment
  topic: keywords
subject: Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; Blood Volume Determination; Electrodes; Dialysis, Bioelectrical impedance analysis; Pediatrics
  topic: subjects
subject: smart dialysis
  topic: disciplines
creator: Shahrokh Noori
creator: Mohammad Firouzmand
creator: Vahid Reza Nafisi
creator: Nakysa Hooman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 232
ending page: 242
doi: 10.61882/ijkd.19.04.8556

Genetically Confirmed Hyperoxaluria in Iranian Children- A Multicenter Survey
type: item
description: Introduction. Primary hyperoxaluria (PH) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a heterogeneous presentation that leads to kidney failure and involvement of other organs. The aim of this study was to determine the number of cases with suspected PH in Iran that have had a genetically verified diagnosis. Methods. A survey distributed among members of Iranian society of pediatric nephrology (IranSPN) to collect overall data on hyperoxaluria (HOX) in their centers, as well as those who performed whole exome sequencing (WES) or sanger sequencing genetic study. Data is presented as frequency and number blocks. Results. Nineteen out of 130 members filled out the questionnaires. About two-thirds of the responders were suspected to have HOX in the presence of recurrent multiple kidney stones. PH was genetically confirmed in 80 children above 10 years. Alanine-Glyoxylate Aminotransferase (AGXT) was the most frequent reported genetic abnormailtiy. The majority of their patients required kidney replacement therapy. Combined or sequential liver- kidney transplantation was less frequent. Conservative treatment was the only therapy applied to all children prior to end-stage kidney disease. Conclusion. This simple survey revealed that definitive diagnosis of PH occurs at older age accompanied with higher rate of kidney transplantation.
subject: ORIGINAL | Kidney Diseases
  topic: section
subject: Primary hyperoxaluria
  topic: keywords
subject: Kidney replacement therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Genetic testing
  topic: keywords
subject: Combined or sequential liver and kidney transplantation
  topic: keywords
subject: Hyperoxaluria , genetic
  topic: subjects
subject: Original article
  topic: disciplines
creator: Nakysa Hooman
creator: Mahmood Maleknejad
creator: Mitra Basiratnia
creator: Marzieh Mojbafan
creator: Alaleh Gheissari
creator: Fahimeh Askarian
creator: Rama Naghshizadian
creator: Fatemeh Ghane Sharbaf
creator: Arash Abbasi
creator: Nahideh Ekhlasi
creator: Nasrin Esfandiar
creator: Somaye Talaeepur
creator: Tahereh Malakoutian
creator: Abolhassan Seyedzadeh
creator: Rozina Abbasi Larki
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 200
ending page: 205
doi: 10.61882/ijkd.19.04.8546

Predictors of Survival and Clinical Outcomes in Hemodialysis Patients: A 9-Year Multicenter Cohort Study
type: item
description: Introduction. Cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality rates among hemodialysis patients continue to be high despite advances in dialysis therapy. Materials and Methods. This prospective cohort study enrolled 185 adult patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) on maintenance hemodialysis (HD) from three hemodialysis facilities (Shariati hospital, Shohadaye Hafte-Tir hospital and Sevome-Sha’ban hospital ) in September 2012. Causes of death and HD exit were tracked over a follow-up period of 103 months (8.5 years). The Cox proportional hazards model was employed to predict mortality after adjusting for case-mix and laboratory data variables. Results. The mean age of the patients was 57 ± 15.2 years, with a mean dialysis vintage of 39 ± 45 months. The cohort comprised 52.5% males and 48% diabetic patients. In the univariate analysis, mortality rate was higher among women (81% vs. 63%), diabetics (89% vs. 55%), and those with higher body mass index, older age, and lower serum creatinine, albumin, and intact PTH levels. A total of 132 patients (71%) died, with a mortality rate of 19 per 100 patient-years. The leading causes of death were cardiovascular diseases (47%) and infections (32.5%). Kidney transplantation was performed in 25 patients (14%), including 7 women and 18 men. The median survival was 4.1 years (95% CI: 3.3-5.0). The survival rates at one, two, three, five, and nine years were 83%, 64%, 56%, 39%, and 19%, respectively. Conclusion. Older age, poor nutritional biomarkers, diabetes mellitus, and catheter vascular access are the primary factors contributing to poor long-term prognosis in hemodialysis patients.
subject: ORIGINAL | Dialysis
  topic: section
subject: Hemodialysis patients
  topic: keywords
subject: Survival
  topic: keywords
subject: Clinical outcome
  topic: keywords
creator: Tayebeh Soleymanian
creator: Atefeh Yousefi
creator: Farnaz Tavakoli
creator: Esmat Abdollahpour
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 213
ending page: 221
doi: 10.61882/ijkd.19.04.8737

Post-Transplantation Hairy Cell Leukemia with Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in an Adult Kidney Transplant Recipient: A Case of Rare Occurrence
type: item
description: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a rare and severe complication that occurs after kidney transplantation. Most cases of PTLD are associated with reactivation of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which often happens during the early phases following transplantation. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an inflammatory syndrome characterized by a cytokine storm originating from activation of the reticuloendothelial system, leading to multi-organ failure (MOF). Herein, we present a case of late-onset EBV-positive hairy cell leukemia in a kidney transplant recipient who concurrently developed HLH. Diagnosing and managing HLH can be particularly challenging, as it can mimic sepsis. This is especially true for transplant recipients, where diagnosing and treating such conditions are difficult. Immunosuppressive therapy, malignancies like lymphoma, and EBV infection are recognized risk factors for developing HLH. However, very few cases have reported the simultaneous occurrence of HLH and PTLD.
subject: CASE REPORT | Transplantation
  topic: section
subject: Epstein-Barr virus infections
  topic: keywords
subject: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Kidney transplantation
  topic: keywords
subject: Hairy cell Leukemia
  topic: keywords
subject: Transplant recipients
  topic: keywords
subject: Lymphoproliferative disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: Neoplasms
  topic: keywords
subject: Immunosuppressive therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Hairy Cell Leukemia
  topic: subjects
subject: Rare Hematologic Malignancies
  topic: subjects
subject: Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
  topic: subjects
subject: Kidney Transplant Complications
  topic: subjects
subject: Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)
  topic: subjects
subject: Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLD)
  topic: subjects
subject: Medicine
  topic: disciplines
subject: Hematology
  topic: disciplines
subject: Transplantation Medicine
  topic: disciplines
subject: Oncology
  topic: disciplines
subject: Immunology
  topic: disciplines
creator: Maryam Ghazizadeh
creator: Mohammad Moini
creator: Matin Ghazizadeh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 243
ending page: 247
doi: 10.61882/ijkd.19.04.8943

A Rare Cause of Retroperitoneal Fibrosis in Adults: H Syndrome Presenting After 35 Years- A Case Report
type: item
description: Introduction. Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is a rare fibro- inflammatory disorder that may cause urinary tract obstruction and renal failure. Although most RPF cases are IgG4-related, rare genetic conditions can also contribute to the disease. H syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder caused by biallelic SLC29A3 mutations, usually presents in childhood with cutaneous, endocrine, and systemic manifestations; adult onset is exceptionally rare. Case presentation. A 36-year-old woman was admitted to hospital with the complaint of nausea, vomiting, and oliguria. Laboratory tests showed urea 116 mg/dL, creatinine 5,8 mg/dL,. Non-contrast computed tomography imaging revealed bilateral hydronephrosis and a 2,5 cm retroperitoneal fibrotic mass encasing the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries. Extensive evaluation—including positron emission tomography, lymph-node histology, and autoimmune/ IgG4 serology—found no evidence of malignancy, infection, or IgG4- related disease. Family history disclosed parental consanguinity and a brother with H syndrome. Next-generation sequencingidentified a homozygous SLC29A3 (NM_018344.5):c.1339G > A (p.Glu447Lys) mutation, confirming H syndrome. Bilateral ureteral stenting and corticosteroid therapy led to full renal recovery (creatinine 0.7 mg/dL). Conclusion. This case expands the clinical spectrum of H syndrome by documenting late-onset RPF without typical dermatologic or auditory signs. Recognition of familial risk and timely genetic testing were decisive for diagnosis. Early decompression and immunosuppression preserved renal function. Reporting suchatypical presentations increases awareness of H syndrome as a rare genetic cause of RPF and supports comprehensive genetic evaluation in adults with unexplained retroperitoneal fibrosis.
subject: CASE REPORT | Kidney Diseases
  topic: section
subject: Retroperitoneal fibrosis
  topic: keywords
subject: H syndrome
  topic: keywords
subject: SLC29A3gene mutation
  topic: keywords
subject: Adult onset H syndrome
  topic: keywords
subject: Renal failure
  topic: keywords
creator: Türker Emre
creator: Nazife Nur Özer Şensoy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-11-15
publication date: 2025-11-15
starting page: 304
ending page: 309
doi: 10.61882/npz6gc25

Optimizing Pediatric Blood Pressure Readings: The Role of Timing and Medical Personnel Presence: A cross-sectional study
type: item
description: Introduction. Hypertension is a major global health concern, playing a significant role in the development of cardiovascular diseases and other non-communicable conditions. Accurate blood pressure (BP) measurement is a key to its diagnosis. While guidelines recommend three BP readings with 1–2-minute intervals for adults, there is no clear consensus for children. Additionally, various factors, such as the presence of medical personnel, could impact BP readings. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of measurement timing and the presence of medical personnel on pediatric blood pressure readings. Methods. In this analytical cross-sectional study, 50 children aged 5-13 years were enrolled. Blood pressure was measured using an automatic device with appropriately sized cuffs. BP was recorded at five intervals: baseline, 30, 60, 90, and 120 seconds. Measurements were taken both in the presence of medical personnel (attended) and without their presence (unattended). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and repeated measures ANOVA with IBM SPSS version 21. Results. A significant decrease in systolic BP (SBP) was observed over time (P = .000), with the initial SBP of 105.29 mmHg declining to 98.33 mmHg at 120 seconds. However, there were no significant changes in diastolic BP (DBP) or pulse pressure (PP) (P = .400 and P = .502, respectively). When comparing attended versus unattended measurements, both SBP and DBP were significantly higher whenmedical personnel were present (P = .009 for SBP, P = .010 for DBP). Conclusions. The findings suggest that shorter intervals, such as 30 seconds, may be adequate for reliable BP measurement in children. However, the presence of medical personnel increases BP readings, likely due to anxiety. These results highlight the need to reduce stress during pediatric BP assessments to ensure accurate hypertension diagnosis and management.
subject: ORIGINAL | Kidney Diseases
  topic: section
subject: Hypertension
  topic: keywords
subject: Child
  topic: keywords
subject: Blood pressure
  topic: keywords
subject: White coat hypertension
  topic: keywords
creator: Hamidreza Badeli
creator: Yasin Khoshhal Dahka
creator: Mir Iman Fallahchai
creator: Afagh Hassanzadeh Rad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-11-15
publication date: 2025-11-15
starting page: 287
ending page: 293
doi: 10.61186/

Examining the Association between Oxidative Stress Markers and the Severity of Symptoms in Individuals with COVID-19 and Healthy Individuals
type: item
description: Introduction. The association between inflammation and oxidative stress in COVID-19 patients is well documented. The primary objective of the present study was to evaluate the levels of oxidative stress markers in COVID-19 patients compared to the healthy individuals. Methods. In this case-control study, a comprehensive evaluation was conducted on 45 individuals, comprising 30 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and 15 in a healthy control. COVID-19 patients were divided into two groups: mild and severe, based on clinical severity. In addition to standard laboratory tests like ESR, serum levels of oxidative stress markers were measured, including total protein, total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, carbonylated protein content, glutathione reductase enzyme, and catalase activity.Results. ESR levels were significantly elevated in the severe group compared to the mild group. However, no significant differences were observed in the levels of oxidative stress markers between mild and severe COVID-19 patients. Compared to healthy controls, COVID-19 patients exhibited a significant decrease in total protein levels (P < .0001), and significant increases were observed in serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (P < .0001) and total oxidant status(TOS) (P = .002). Conclusion. Oxidative stress markers exhibit a substantial rise in patients with COVID-19, suggesting a potential role in the progression of the disease. Implementing strategies to prevent oxidative stress may offer clinical advantageous in managing COVID-19 patients.
subject: ORIGINAL | Kidney Diseases
  topic: section
subject: Oxidative stress
  topic: keywords
subject: COVID-19
  topic: keywords
subject: Total antioxidant capacity
  topic: keywords
subject: Total oxidant status
  topic: keywords
subject: Catalase activity
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatemeh Pourrezagholi
creator: Masoumeh Ebrahimi
creator: Yadollah Shakiba
creator: Hossein Amini
creator: Mohammad Rahmanian
creator: Tayebe Zomorrodi Jangaee
creator: Zahra Golkar
creator: Shideh Anvari
creator: Nooshin Dalili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-11-15
publication date: 2025-11-15
starting page: 272
ending page: 278
doi: 10.61186/

Calf Bioimpedance Analysis: A Novel Approach for Evaluating Hydration Status in Pediatric Dialysis Patients Under High Dialysate Sodium
type: item
description: Introduction. Assessment of hydration status in pediatric hemodialysis is complicated by dynamic fluid shifts and sodium variability. Conventional methods such as clinical evaluation and whole-body bioimpedance analysis (BIA) lack precision for individual-level monitoring. This study introduces a calf impedance ratio (ΔZ₁₅ₖₕ / ΔZ₁₅₀ₖₕ) to classify fluid responses and evaluate the impact of high dialysate sodium (143 mEq/L) on fluid dynamics and blood pressure. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 14 children aged 5–12 years undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Impedance was measured pre- and post-dialysis at two frequencies using a custom-built device. The raw impedance changes were analyzed without conversion to fluid volumes, allowing for classification into three physiological response groups based on the impedance ratio.Results. Three distinct physiological profiles emerged. Group1 (ΔZΔZ150kh15kh > 1) showed effective extracellular fluid removal with stable hemodynamics. Group 2 (ratio between 0 and 1) reflected minimal Extracellular Water (ECW) ECW changes, potentially due to sodium-driven redistribution, with additional influence from sodium-enhanced tissue conductivity. Group 3 (ΔZ₁₅ₖₕ < 0) exhibited paradoxical impedance decreases despite fluid removal,along with sodium increase and blood pressure elevation. ΔZ₁₅ₖₕpositively correlated with ΔBP-sys (r = 0.650, P = .012). Conclusion. The impedance ratio (ΔZΔZ150kh15kh ) provides a sensitive index for classifying fluid responses and identifying sodium-related effects in pediatric hemodialysis. It may support individualized dialysis prescriptions by guiding adjustments in ultrafiltration and dialysate sodium to improve hemodynamic stability and fluid balance.
subject: ORIGINAL | Dialysis
  topic: section
subject: Calf bioimpedance
  topic: keywords
subject: Hydration status
  topic: keywords
subject: Hemodialysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Pediatric nephrology
  topic: keywords
subject: Sodium balance
  topic: keywords
subject: Fluid monitoring
  topic: keywords
subject: Ultrafiltration
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Firouzmand
creator: Shahrokh Noori
creator: Vahid Reza Nafisi
creator: Nakysa hooman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-11-15
publication date: 2025-11-15
starting page: 294
ending page: 303
doi: 10.61186/

Incidence of Hospital-Acquired Hyponatremia and its Risk Factors in Hospitalized Children: A Longitudinal Study
type: item
description: Introduction. Hyponatremia in hospitalized children is associated with several clinical complications. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of hospital-acquired hyponatremia in pediatric patients. Method. A longitudinal study was conducted between 2016 and 2020 on hospitalized children who were admitted in Dr Sheikh Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran with normal serum sodium levels. Patients were followed for hyponatremia and its risk factors during hospitalization. Demographic data, clinical symptoms, underlying disease, type of serum, ward of hospitalization, and final diagnosis were recorded. Patients with incomplete blood samples or abnormal serum level of sodium at the time of admission were excluded. Result. A total of 456 children, including 267 males (58.6%) with a mean age of 69.40 ± 42.42 months were studied. The incidence of hyponatremia was 22.1%. The female sex (3.83 (95% confidence interval: 1.08, 13.59)) was the independent risk factors of hyponatremia. Children less than one year of age (2.68 (95% confidence interval: 0.97, 7.42) P = .057), were also borderline significant for the risk of hyponatremia. Conclusion. The incidence of hospital-acquired hyponatremia was 22.1%. The female sex was the independent risk factor of hyponatremia. Children less than one year of age may also be at risk for hyponatremia. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
subject: ORIGINAL | Kidney Diseases
  topic: section
subject: Hyponatremia
  topic: keywords
subject: Pediatric
  topic: keywords
subject: Hospital-acquired
  topic: keywords
subject: Sodium
  topic: keywords
subject: hyponatremia, child, hospital, sodium
  topic: subjects
subject: fluid and electrolytes
  topic: disciplines
creator: Elham Bakhtiari
creator: Farhad Heydarian
creator: Adeleh Azarshab
creator: Sara Saadat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 206
ending page: 212
doi: 10.61882/ijkd.19.04.8541

Efficacy of Sacubitril/Valsartan in Treating Hemodialysis Patients with Reduced Ejection Fraction Heart Failure: A Retrospective Study
type: item
description: Introduction. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a prevalent and challenging complication among patients undergoing hemodialysis. Sacubitril/Valsartan (Sac-Val), an angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, has shown promise in improving cardiac outcomes in HFrEF patients. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Sac-Val in treating HFrEF in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Methods. This retrospective analysis was conducted on 30 patients with HFrEF undergoing regular hemodialysis at Beijing Shijingshan Hospital between January 2019 and January 2023. The patients were divided into two groups: the Sac-Val group (14 patients) and the control group (16 patients). The Sac-Val group received an initial dose of 50 mg, titrated over four weeks to a maximum tolerated dose of 100 mg, while the control group received conventional heart failure treatment without Sac-Val. Both groups continued regular hemodialysis three times weekly. Statistical analysis included independent t-tests or Mann–Whitney U tests for continuous variables, and chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables. Heart failure improvements, blood pressure, NT-proBNP levels, biochemical markers, and echocardiographic changes were assessed after one year. Results. The Sac-Val group showed significant improvements in systolic blood pressure (P = .027), NT-proBNP levels (P < .05), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (P < .04) compared to the control group. The Sac-Val group also had a higher total effective rate (85.71%) in alleviating heart failure symptoms compared to the control group (69%, P = .023). Conclusion. Sac-Val is a safe and effective treatment for HFrEF patients undergoing hemodialysis, potentially improving their quality of life, heart function and clinical outcomes.
subject: ORIGINAL | Dialysis
  topic: section
subject: Sacubitril/valsartan
  topic: keywords
subject: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
  topic: keywords
subject: Maintenance hemodialysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Chronic heart failure
  topic: keywords
subject: Neprilysin inhibitor
  topic: keywords
subject: Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor
  topic: keywords
subject: Sacubitril/Valsartan
  topic: subjects
subject: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)
  topic: subjects
subject: Hemodialysis
  topic: subjects
subject: Chronic kidney disease
  topic: subjects
subject: Cardiovascular outcomes
  topic: subjects
subject: Nephrology
  topic: disciplines
subject: Cardiology
  topic: disciplines
subject: Clinical Medicine
  topic: disciplines
subject: Pharmacology
  topic: disciplines
subject: Medical Research
  topic: disciplines
creator: Yan Guo
creator: Weihua Li
creator: Zongli Diao
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 222
ending page: 231
doi: 10.61882/ijkd.19.04.8743

Erratum:The Effect of 10 Weeks of Aerobic-resistance Exercise Training on Liver Enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP) and Kidney Function (Creatinine, Urea, and GFR) of Kidney Transplant Patients
type: item
subject: Erratum
  topic: section
subject: IJKD 2025;19:66
  topic: subjects
subject: Orginal Article
  topic: disciplines
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-02-25
publication date: 2025-02-25
starting page: 67
ending page: 67
doi: 10.61882/ijkd.19.1.1.67

The Scent of the Muliyan River (Booye Jooye Muliyan): Report of an Educational Trip
type: item
description: In October 2024, an Iranian educational nephrology team visited Tajikistan to participate in a continuous medical education (CME) course. This report represents the results of their trip from their perspective.
subject: SPECIAL REPORT | Kidney Diseases
  topic: section
subject: Medical Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Nephrology Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Mentorship
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Ambassador
  topic: keywords
subject: Iran
  topic: keywords
subject: Tajikistan
  topic: keywords
subject: continiuous medical education
  topic: subjects
subject: Nephrology
  topic: disciplines
creator: Zahra Pournasiri
creator: Shokouh Shayanpour
creator: Mahboubeh Jafari Sarouei
creator: Ali Emadzadeh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-02-25
publication date: 2025-02-25
starting page: 8
ending page: 11
doi: 10.61882/ijkd.19.1.8

The Effect of Tribulus Terrestris on Acute Kidney Injury: A Case Study
type: item
description: Herbal medications, such as Tribulus terrestris, are widely used, especially by healthy individuals. Despite being easily accessible and perceived as safe, multiple reports have highlighted the potential adverse effects of these medications, although some acknowledge their benefits. In this case report, we present a 43-year-old male patient who has a significant history of self-administered herbal medicine usage. Our aim is to increase awareness about the potential toxicities linked to the use of over-the-counter herbal medicines. Initially, the patient’s elevated creatinine level prompted further investigations, which led to the need for dialysis. Following management, he finally survived and recovered; currently, approximately three months later, the patient remains asymptomatic. This case serves as a cautionary example regarding the potential risks of using herbal medications without proper medical guidance.
subject: CASE REPORT | Kidney Diseases
  topic: section
subject: Herbal medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Renal failure
  topic: keywords
subject: Tribulus terrestris
  topic: keywords
subject: Acute kidney injury
  topic: keywords
subject: case
  topic: disciplines
creator: Mahboobeh Freidoon
creator: Zahra Pourvali-Souraki
creator: Kimia Karimi Toudeshki
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-08-15
publication date: 2025-08-15
starting page: 181
ending page: 185
doi: 10.61882/ijkd.19.3.181

Increased Proportion of Circulating T Follicular Helper Cells and Serum Levels of IL-21 in Antibody-Mediated Rejection of Renal Allograft
type: item
description: Introduction. Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is one of the major obstacles to successful kidney transplantation. The T helper cell subset that plays a key role in the activation of B-lymphocytes and antibody production is T follicular helper (Tfh) cell. Therefore, we aimed to compare the percentage of Tfh cells and the serum level of interleukin 21 (IL-21), mainly secreted by this subset, in patients with AMR and stable recipients. Methods. Peripheral blood samples were taken from 30 patients diagnosed with AMR and 30 stable kidney transplant recipients as well as 10 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. The percentage of circulating Tfh cells (TCD4+CXCR5+PD1+) and the level of IL-21 were studied by flow cytometry and ELISA techniques, respectively. Results. The proportion of cTfh cells among circulating TCD4+ cells in AMR patients was markedly elevated compared to the other groups (P < .0001). It was also higher in stable recipients than in healthy controls (P < .0001). The serum level of IL-21 was increased in AMR patients compared to stable recipients (P = .03) and healthy participants (P = .02). In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between cTfh percentage and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in transplanted patients (P = .001). Moreover, the AUC of cTfh cells in AMR diagnosis was 0.83 [95% CI 0.73-0.93 (P < .0001)]. Conclusion. In AMR patients, cTfh cell percentage and IL-21 levels were significantly increased. The significant association between cTfh % and eGFR, with an AUC of 0.83, indicates its potential as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in AMR.
subject: ORIGINAL | Transplantation
  topic: section
subject: Kidney transplant
  topic: keywords
subject: Antibody-mediated rejection
  topic: keywords
subject: T follicular helper cell
  topic: keywords
subject: Interleukin-21
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahboobeh Freidoon
creator: Azam Alamdari
creator: Fatemeh Pour-Reza-Gholi
creator: Sara Assadiasl
creator: Narjes Soleimanifar
creator: Maryam Sadr
creator: Hanieh Mojtahedi
creator: Sedigheh Poursaleh
creator: Mohammad Hossein Nicknam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-05-16
publication date: 2025-05-16
starting page: 118
ending page: 126
doi: 10.61882/ijkd.19.2.118

Erratum:Trends in Research on Acute Kidney Injury: A Bibliometric Analysis of Academic Journals Published Between the Years 2000 and 2022
type: item
subject: Erratum
  topic: section
subject: key
  topic: keywords
subject: sub
  topic: subjects
subject: dic
  topic: disciplines
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2024-10-18
publication date: 2024-10-18
doi: 10.52547/ze2x4q33

Scientia et Cura: Illuminating the Dark Side of CRRT for Optimal Patient Benefits
type: item
description: Introduction. Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) is commonly used in patients with hemodynamic instability but is associated with potential complications. Understanding these complications can improve CRRT efficiency and patient outcomes. Methods. This cross-sectional study investigated CRRT complications in patients > 18 years old who underwent CRRT at a tertiary medical center from 2017 to 2022. Data were collected from patient records and the hospital’s laboratory system. Results. A total of 178 patients underwent CRRT for fluid overload (38%) and non-septic acute kidney injury (AKI) (35%). The most common CRRT modalities were hemofiltration (54%) and hemodiafiltration (31%). Among patients, 76% experienced a reduction in platelet count (mean decrease of 40% ± 24). Hemoglobin declined by ≥ 1 g/dL in 58% of patients. Phosphorus decreased in 64.6% of patients (mean reduction of 33%) and potassium decreased in 50% (mean reduction of 18%), but these reductions were not statistically significant (P-values: 0.73 and 0.88). Vasopressors were stopped in 27% of patients, and the dose was reduced in 50.4%. No significant hypothermia, allergic reactions, pneumothorax, hemothorax, or air embolism were reported. The survival rate at hospital discharge was 64% (123 out of 178). Conclusion. CRRT is a safe and efficient treatment for AKI, with notable reductions in platelet count and vasopressor dependency. However, reductions in phosphorus and potassium were not significant, indicating manageable complications.
subject: ORIGINAL | Dialysis
  topic: section
subject: CRRT
  topic: keywords
subject: Acute Kidney Injury
  topic: keywords
subject: Anemia
  topic: keywords
subject: Platelets
  topic: keywords
subject: Mean Arterial Pressure
  topic: keywords
subject: Vasopressor
  topic: keywords
subject: Electrolytes
  topic: keywords
subject: Blood Pressure
  topic: keywords
creator: Amir Ahmad Nassiri
creator: Antoine Schneider
creator: Monir Sadat Hakemi
creator: Tahereh Sabaghian
creator: Azadeh Ahmadi Koomleh
creator: Mir Mohammad Miri
creator: Kiana Entezarmahdi
creator: Taymaz Yousefzad
creator: Kianoush Kashani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-02-25
publication date: 2025-02-25
starting page: 50
ending page: 58
doi: 10.61882/ijkd.19.1.50

Clinical Efficacy of High-flux Hemodialysis for Treating Uremia and its Effect on Microinflammation and Nutritional Status
type: item
description: Introduction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of high-flux hemodialysis for treating uremia and its effect on microinflammation and nutritional status. Methods. This was a case-control study. One hundred and twenty patients under chronic hemodialysis in Qinhuangdao Haigang Hospital from June 2021 to June 2023 were randomly divided into experiment group and control groups, with 60 patients in each group. Patients in the experiment group received high-flux hemodialysis (HFHD), while those in the control group underwent conventional hemodialysis. The differences between the two groups regarding clinical efficacy, inflammatory factors including IL-6, CRP and TNF-a, and macromolecular toxins including β2-microglobulin, parathyroid hormone, and cysteine protease inhibitor were compared. The levels of nutritional indices including serum transferrin, albumin, and hemoglobin were compared between the two groups after 6 months of therapy. All patients were followed- up for 1.5 to 2 years, and the incidence of their cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events after treatment was analyzed. Results. The response rate (markedly effective + effective)/total number of cases × 100%.) was 93% in the experiment vs. 80% in the control group (P = .03). After treatment, IL-6, CRP, TNF-a, β2-microglobulin, parathyroid hormone, and cysteine protease inhibitor significantly reduced and serum transferrin, albumin and hemoglobin significantly improved in the experiment vs. control group (P = .00). At the end of the follow-up period the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases was 7% in the experiment group, which was markedly lower than that of 22% in the control group (P = .02). Conclusion. High-flux hemodialysis is a safe and effective treatment for uremia with remarkable clinical efficacy, offering various benefits such as significant reduction of inflammatory biomarkers and macromolecular toxins, improvement of patients’ nutritional status, …
subject: ORIGINAL | Dialysis
  topic: section
subject: High-flux hemodialysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Uremia
  topic: keywords
subject: Clinical efficacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Microinflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutritional status
  topic: keywords
creator: Fei Guo
creator: Jiakang Sun
creator: Deheng Wan
creator: Yan Wang
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-08-15
publication date: 2025-08-15
starting page: 165
ending page: 171
doi: 10.61882/ijkd.19.3.165

A Prediction Model of Early Diabetic Nephropathy Based on Conventional Ultrasound Parameters and Hematological Indices and Its Application
type: item
description: Introduction. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a chronic microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, leading to end-stage kidney disease and increased mortality. Early detection and treatment are essential to prevent DN. This study aims to develop a diagnostic prediction model for early DN. Methods. This retrospective analysis study was conducted on 205 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treated between September 2019 and September 2022. Patients with stage A1 albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) (< 30 mg/g) were categorized as the simple diabetes mellitus group (n = 134), and those with ACR 30-300 mg/g at stage A2 were classified as the early diabetic nephropathy group (n = 71). Relevant ultrasound parameters and hematological indices were selected through univariate and multivariate screenings. A nomogram model was constructed based on the results of multi-factor screening. Internal validation was performed by using Bootstrap methods with 1000 repetitions, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis evaluated model differentiation, calibration curves verified model consistency, and decision curve analysis assessed clinical utility. Results. Multivariate logistic regression identified renal artery resistance index (RI), renal cortex shear wave velocity (SWV), Cystatin C (CysC), Retinol-binding protein (RBP), and Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1C) as significant factors for early DN (all P < .05). The nomogram model showed good differentiation and consistency and has high clinical value and practicality in predicting DN. Conclusion. The prediction model for early DN, based on conventional ultrasound parameters and hematological indices, demonstrates good prediction efficiency and clinical practicability.
subject: ORIGINAL | Kidney Diseases
  topic: section
subject: Ultrasonic parameters
  topic: keywords
subject: Hematological index
  topic: keywords
subject: Early diabetic nephropathy
  topic: keywords
subject: Prediction model
  topic: keywords
creator: Yong Cheng
creator: Xiao Yan Li
creator: Ying Fu Ye
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-05-16
publication date: 2025-05-16
starting page: 89
ending page: 96
doi: 10.61882/ijkd.19.2.89

A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Hemodialysis Incidence Rate and Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the End-Stage Kidney Disease Trend
type: item
description: Introduction. Limited research has been conducted on the spatial trend of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), particularly hemodialysis (HD), in developing countries. This is problematic considering the growing demand for dialysis services in these regions. To bridge this research gap, this study evaluates the spatial trend of chronic dialysis incidence rates over a significant period (2007 to early 2021) in a large population, while also investigating the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on this trend. Methods. We used data from the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Specific Diseases Affairs database (2007-2021) on 8,368 dialysis patients. A Bayesian spatiotemporal model analyzed the data to estimate ESKD trends and relative risks with hemodialysis in 29 counties. Results. Among the patients receiving maintenance dialysis for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), 3,348(40%) were female and 5,020(60%) were male. The average age was 57.58 ± 17, with a median age of 56 (2-98) years. The standardized incidence rate in 2007 was 0.78, while in 2020-21, it increased to 0.86. The estimated mean relative risk was 1.20, ranging from 0.43 to 4.35. We observed a consistent fixed trend with a coefficient of 0.99. During the COVID-19 pandemic and outside of it, we noticed an increased spatiotemporal interaction in the central and northern regions of the province, despite the temporal trend remaining relatively stable. Conclusion. Our study reveals previously unexplored geographic disparities in ESKD incidence within Fars province from 2007 to 2021. The notable increase in dialysis cases in the central and northern regions emphasizes the urgency of addressing this public health concern.
subject: ORIGINAL | Dialysis
  topic: section
subject: Dialysis
  topic: keywords
subject: ESKD
  topic: keywords
subject: Spatiotemporal model
  topic: keywords
subject: COVID-19 pandemic
  topic: keywords
creator: Naeimehossadat Asmarian
creator: Shahrokh Ezzatzadegan Jahromi
creator: Mahsa Banifatemi
creator: Farnaz Niroomand
creator: Mahsa Torabi Jahromi
creator: Maryam Kamranpoor Jahromi
creator: Zahra Shayan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-08-15
publication date: 2025-08-15
starting page: 172
ending page: 180
doi: 10.61882/ijkd.19.3.172

Effects of Nafamostat Mesilate and Systemic Unfractionated Heparin Anticoagulation on Coagulation, Renal Function, and 28-day Survival Status in Critically Ill AKI CRRT Patients
type: item
description: Introduction. To investigate the effect of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in patients with severe acute kidney injury (AKI) by using Nafamostat Mesilate (NM). Methods. Eighty patients with AKI who underwent CRRT from March 2022 to January 2022 were divided into control group (n = 40, treated with unfractionated heparin) and Observation group (n = 40, treated with NM). The duration of the first filter use, the number of filters used 72 hours after treatment, coagulation and renal functions, adverse reactions, bleeding events, length of stay in intensive care unit (ICU) and survival status at 28 days were compared between the two groups. Results. The observation group used the first filter for a longer period of time than the control group, and after 72 hours of treatment, the number of filters used was less than that of the control group (P < .05); Compared with before treatment, the levels of fibrinogen (FIB) and platelet count (PLT) in the observation group and control group decreased after 48 hours of treatment, while the levels of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT), and international normalized ratio (INR) increased. However, the levels of FIB and PLT in the former group were higher, while the levels of APTT, PT, TT, and INR were lower (P < .05); Compared with before treatment, the levels of creatinine (Scr), urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum cystatin C (CysC) in the observation group and control group decreased after 48 hours of treatment, and the former was even lower (P < .05); the incidence of bleeding events in the observation group was lower than that in the control group, the length of stay in ICU was shorter than that in the control group, and finally the 28-day survival rate was higher than that in the control group (P < .05). The adverse reactions of the two groups were similar (P > .05). Conclusions. NM can improve the coagulation function and renal function in patients with severe AKI unde…
subject: ORIGINAL | Kidney Diseases
  topic: section
subject: Acute kidney injury
  topic: keywords
subject: Continuous renal replacement therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Nafamostat Mesilate
  topic: keywords
subject: Heparin
  topic: keywords
subject: Coagulation function
  topic: keywords
subject: Renal function
  topic: keywords
subject: Acute kidney injury
  topic: subjects
subject: Continuous renal replacement therapy
  topic: subjects
subject: Renal function
  topic: subjects
subject: Heparin
  topic: subjects
subject: Nafamostat Mesilate
  topic: subjects
subject: Renal
  topic: disciplines
subject: Acute kidney injury
  topic: disciplines
creator: Xiaofeng Zhan
creator: Xiaolei Qu
creator: Di Wu
creator: Guangpu Wang
creator: Shoujun Bai
creator: Tingting Ji
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-02-25
publication date: 2025-02-25
starting page: 41
ending page: 49
doi: 10.61882/ijkd.19.1.41

Association of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene Deletion/Deletion Genotype with Risk of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Single-center Study from Iranian Azeri Turkish Population
type: item
description: Introduction. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is defined as one of the most common genetic disorders and the cause of kidney failure or end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Several studies have shown that renin-angiotensin system has an important role in pathogenesis of ADPKD. The aim of this study was to examine the association between the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene Deletion/Deletion (D/D) polymorphism and risk of ADPKD among Iranian patients from west Azerbaijan province of Iran. Methods. This case-control study was conducted on 40 patients and 72 controls. Genetic polymorphism of the ACE gene was determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and electrophoresis. Result. The frequency (frequency%) of ACE gene I/I, I/D, D/D genotypes were 5 (12.5%), 12 (30%), 23 (57.5%) in cases and 16 (22.22%), 30 (41.67%), 26 (36.11%) in controls, respectively. The frequency (frequency%) of ACE gene I and D alleles were 22 (27.5%) and 58 (72.5%) in cases and, 62 (43.06%) and 82 (56.94%) in controls, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that there were significant differences among the cases and controls regarding ACE gene D/D genotypes (P = .028). The ACE gene D/D genotype was associated with increased ADPKD susceptibility with an OR of 2.39, (95%) CI = (1.09–5.28), and P = .028. But in the case of ACE gene, I/I and I/D genotypes, there were no statistically significant differences between cases and controls (P > .05). Considering allelic comparison, the ACE gene D allele was associated with ADPKD susceptibility with an OR of 1.99, (95%) CI = (1.1–3.6), and P = .021. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that ACE gene D/D genotype was associated with ADPKD.
subject: ORIGINAL | Kidney Diseases
  topic: section
subject: ADPKD
  topic: keywords
subject: ACE
  topic: keywords
subject: Deletion/Deletion
  topic: keywords
creator: Zahra Nasiri
creator: Matin Mobaraki
creator: Khadijeh Makhdoomi
creator: Ali Taghizadeh Afshari
creator: Morteza Bagheri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-05-16
publication date: 2025-05-16
starting page: 84
ending page: 88
doi: 10.61882/ijkd.19.2.84

Mind the Gap in Kidney Care: Translating What We Know Into What We Do
type: item
description: Historically, it takes an average of 17 years to move new treatments from clinical evidence to daily practice. Given the highly effective treatments now available to prevent or delay kidney disease onset and progression, this is far too long. The time is now to narrow the gap between what we know and what we do. Clear guidelines exist for the prevention and management of common risk factors for kidney disease, such as hypertension and diabetes, but only a fraction of people with these conditions worldwide are diagnosed, and even fewer are treated to target. Similarly, the vast majority of people living with kidney disease are unaware of their condition, because in the early stages it is often silent. Even among patients who have been diagnosed, many do not receive appropriate treatment for kidney disease. Considering the serious consequences of kidney disease progression, kidney failure, or death, it is imperative that treatments are initiated early and appropriately. Opportunities to diagnose and treat kidney disease early must be maximized beginning at the primary care level. Many systematic barriers exist, ranging from patient to clinician to health systems to societal factors. To preserve and improve kidney health for everyone everywhere, each of these barriers must be acknowledged so that sustainable solutions are developed and implemented without further delay. DOI: 10.52547/ijkd.8216
subject: SPECIAL REPORT | Kidney Diseases
  topic: section
subject: chronic kidney disease, equity, kidney care, public health, World Kidney Day
  topic: keywords
subject: Kidney Care
  topic: subjects
subject: Special Report
  topic: disciplines
creator: Valerie A. Luyckx
creator: Katherine R. Tuttle
creator: Dina Abdellatif
creator: Ricardo Correa-Rotter
creator: Winston W.S. Fung
creator: Agnès Haris
creator: Li-Li Hsiao
creator: Makram Khalife
creator: Latha A. Kumaraswami
creator: Fiona Loud
creator: Vasundhara Raghavan
creator: Stefanos Roumeliotis
creator: Marianella Sierra
creator: Ifeoma Ulasi
creator: Bill Wang
creator: Siu-Fai Lui
creator: Vassilios Liakopoulos
creator: Alessandro Balducci
creator: or the World Kidney Day Joint Steering Committee
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Valerie A. Luyckx, Katherine R. Tuttle, Dina Abdellatif, Ricardo Correa-Rotter, Winston W.S. Fung, Agnès Haris, Li-Li Hsiao, Makram Khalife, Latha A. Kumaraswami, Fiona Loud, Vasundhara Raghavan, Stefanos Roumeliotis, Marianella Sierra, Ifeoma Ulasi, Bill Wang, Siu-Fai Lui, Vassilios Liakopoulos, Alessandro Balducci, or the World Kidney Day Joint Steering Committee (Author)
date: 2024-06-11
publication date: 2024-06-11
starting page: 68
ending page: 86
doi: 10.52547/mfr98t07

19th International Congress of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation-Abstract Book
type: item
description: No Abstract.
subject: Congress Proceeding
  topic: section
subject: Kidney Disease, Dialysis, Transplantation
  topic: keywords
subject: Kidney Disease, Dialysis, Transplantation
  topic: subjects
subject: Abstract Book
  topic: disciplines
creator: Iranian Society of Nephrology
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iranian Society of Nephrology (Author)
date: 2024-06-20
publication date: 2024-06-20
doi: 10.52547/5vkmez65

Erratum
type: item
description: No Abstract. DOI: 10.52547/ijkd.8206
subject: Erratum
  topic: section
subject: kidney disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), edema, proteinuria, lupus nephritis (LN), renal biopsy
  topic: subjects
subject: Nephrology, kidney diseases
  topic: disciplines
creator: Admin Admin
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Admin (Author)
date: 2024-06-11
publication date: 2024-06-11
starting page: 136
ending page: 136
doi: 10.52547/x30r9025

Subgroup Analyses in the Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy: A Meta-Analysis
type: item
description: Introduction. This meta-analysis synthesizes and evaluates treatments for diabetic nephropathy, focusing on subgroup analyses to understand efficacy variations across diverse patient demographics and disease characteristics, thereby advancing personalized healthcare in diabetic kidney disease. Methods. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, a thorough literature search across PubMed, NCBI, and Web of Science initially identified 904 studies spanning from 2015 to 2023. A meticulous screening process, involving the review of titles and abstracts and the application of stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria, refined the selection to six studies. These studies were selected for their comprehensive focus on diabetic nephropathy, availability of odds ratio data, and detailed subgroup analyses. Statistical synthesis was conducted using a random-effects model, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic. Results. Analysis of the selected studies revealed significant heterogeneity in treatment effectiveness related to patient demographics, nephropathy stages, genotypes, and other disease-specific characteristics. The overall estimated odds ratio (OR) for treatment efficacy was 2.7 (95% CI: 1.8-3.6), indicating a moderate effect size. This variation highlighted the complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors in nephropathy treatment outcomes. The study also delved into the mechanistic aspects of treatment interactions with diverse nephropathy subtypes, thereby offering a deeper understanding of the efficacy of treatments within specific patient categories. Conclusions. The study underscores the critical need for personalized treatment strategies in diabetic nephropathy, providing valuable insights for healthcare professionals. It advocates for tailoring treatments to individual patient profiles to optimize outcomes, enhancing patient care quality. These findings reinforce the value of subgroup-based approaches and support evidence-based, patient-c…
subject: REVIEW | Kidney Diseases
  topic: section
subject: Meta-analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetic nephropathy
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetic kidney disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Subgroup analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Yunhua Peng
creator: Xi Chen
creator: Qiying Yang
creator: Mohammad Rava
creator: MeiXue Ji
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-08-15
publication date: 2025-08-15
starting page: 141
ending page: 148
doi: 10.61882/ijkd.19.3.141

A Report on Nephropathic Cystinosis in Iran- A Scoping Review
type: item
description: Cystinosis is a rare lysosomal disease affecting all organs. The outcome and the quality of life varies depending on the early diagnosis, patient adherence to medication, and regular follow up. There is lack of enough evidence about cystinosis patients in Iran. In this review, we are going to find the incidence and prevalence, the age at diagnosis, clinical presentation, the comorbidities, and the outcome of disease in Iranian children. We searched all available database of Iran published between January 1994 and January 2023. The search was filtered for the Iranian population. Totally 1125 cystinosis patients over 37 years (between 1985 to 2023) was identified. The estimated incidence rate was 1.03 per 100000 live births. The pooled prevalence was 28.3 (95%CI:14.9- 46) per 1000000 populations. Median age at presentation, diagnosis, and occurrence of end stage kidney disease were 0.73, 1.5, and 8.3 years, respectively. The most frequent presentation that led to evaluation was failure to thrive (94%). Ophthalmic exam and bone marrow aspiration were the mostly used methods for diagnosis. The most common detected mutation was c.681G4A/c.681G4A. The cysteine level represent that more than half of the cases did not receive correct dosage of medication. Almost 8.7% of cystinosis patients reached adulthood. Launching to transition protocol is mandatory for surviving to adulthood. There were scant data in regard to extrarenal outcomes, systemic and ophthalmic medications side effects, longitudinal ophthalmic involvement reports, and the quality of life.
subject: REVIEW | Kidney Diseases
  topic: section
subject: Nephropathic cystinosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Cystine diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: Cysteamine
  topic: keywords
subject: Lysosomal storage diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: Morbidity
  topic: keywords
creator: Nakysa Hooman
creator: Soudabeh Hosseini
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-11-15
publication date: 2025-11-15
starting page: 260
ending page: 271
doi: 10.61186/

The Diagnosis of Lupus Nephritis in A Patient with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Rare Case Report
type: item
description: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), as a widespread inherited cystic kidney disease has a prevalence of ~1/1000 live births. However, there are rare reports of the association of ADPKD with nephrotic range proteinuria such as lupus nephritis (LN). In this study, we report a patient with ADPKD who manifested a sudden increase of urinary protein excretion with positive anti-double stranded DNA and antinuclear antibody tests. Finally, based on percutaneous ultrasound-guided renal biopsy LN was proved. This report advises clinicians to evaluate ADPKD patients periodically and perform complementary clinical and laboratory investigations in cases with unusual presentations such as nephrotic syndrome.
subject: CASE REPORT | Kidney Diseases
  topic: section
subject: utosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)
  topic: keywords
subject: Edema
  topic: keywords
subject: Proteinuria
  topic: keywords
subject: Lupus nephritis (LN)
  topic: keywords
subject: Renal biopsy
  topic: keywords
creator: Sareh Khamar-Moghadam
creator: Soroush Mostafavi
creator: Seyyedeh Mina Hejazian
creator: Shahrzad Ossareh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
date: 2025-05-16
publication date: 2025-05-16
starting page: 130
ending page: 133
doi: 10.61882/ijkd.19.2.130